Insurance bad faith encompasses various improper claims handling practices violating insurers’ duties to policyholders. Claim denial without reasonable basis ignores policy terms providing coverage. Investigation failures include ignoring favorable evidence or refusing reasonable documentation. Delay tactics frustrate claims through repeated unnecessary requests and slow processing. Misrepresentation involves misstating policy terms, coverage, or legal requirements. Litigation threats intimidate policyholders into accepting inadequate settlements. Conflict of interest arises when insurers prioritize their interests over insureds. Failure to settle within policy limits exposes policyholders to excess judgments. Discriminatory practices treat similar claims differently based on prohibited factors. Post-claim underwriting retroactively seeks denial reasons after accepting premiums. Unreasonable interpretation construes ambiguous policy terms against policyholder interests. Failure to communicate leaves policyholders uninformed about claim status. Inadequate reserves signal intention to minimize ultimate payment. Coercive tactics pressure acceptance of unfair settlements. Pattern evidence shows institutional practices beyond isolated incidents. Understanding bad faith elements helps recognize when insurers breach fundamental duties requiring legal intervention.